Mohs Scale of Hardness - Identify Rocks Minerals

There are many systems used to measure hardness, which is defined several different ways. Gemstones and other minerals are ranked according to their Mohs hardness. Mohs hardness refers to a materials ability to resist abrasion or scratching. Note that a hard gem or mineral is not automatically tough or durable. About the Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness The Mohs (Mohs) scale of hardness is the most common method used to rank gemstones and minerals according to hardness. Devised by German mineralogist Friedrich Moh in 1812, this scale grades minerals on a scale from 1 (very soft) to 10 (very hard). Because the Mohs scale is a relative scale, the difference between the hardness of a diamond and that of a ruby is much greater than the difference in hardness between calcite and gypsum. As an example, diamond (10) is about 4-5 times harder than corundum (9), which is about 2 times harder than topaz (8). Individual samples of a mineral may have slightly different Mohs ratings, but they will be near the same value. Half-numbers are used for in-between hardness ratings. How to Use the Mohs Scale A mineral with a given hardness rating will scratch other minerals of the same hardness and all samples with lower hardness ratings. As an example, if you can scratch a sample with a fingernail, you know its hardness is less than 2.5. If you can scratch a sample with a steel file, but not with a fingernail, you know its hardness is between 2.5 and 7.5.   Gems are examples of minerals. Gold, silver, and platinum are all relatively soft, with Mohs ratings between 2.5-4. Since gems can scratch each other and their settings, each piece of gemstone jewelry should be wrapped separately in silk or paper. Also, be wary of commercial cleaners, as they may contain abrasives that could damage jewelry. There are a few common household items on the basic Mohs scale to give you an idea of how hard gems and minerals really are and for use in testing hardness yourself. Mohs Scale of Hardness Hardness Example 10 diamond 9 corundum (ruby, sapphire) 8 beryl (emerald, aquamarine) 7.5 garnet 6.5-7.5 steel file 7.0 quartz (amethyst, citrine, agate) 6 feldspar (spectrolite) 5.5-6.5 most glass 5 apatite 4 fluorite 3 calcite, a penny 2.5 fingernail 2 gypsum 1 talc

Grades And The Esteem, By Randy Moore - 1117 Words

â€Å"Grades and Self- Esteem† What is self- esteem? Self- esteem is confidence in one’s own worth or abilities. In â€Å"Grades Self- Esteem†, author Randy Moore (2007) stated that the level of performance of the students decreased while schools are building the self- esteem in the students. Author Alfie Kohn (1994) stated in his article â€Å"The Truth about Self- Esteem† to contradict Moore’s opinion that academics and self- esteem are not related. Moore discussed some beneficial points which are useful for the students, but in some cases his argument was not giving better meaning. I agree from Moore’s article that the American students do not perform as well academically as students from other countries. I do not agree from Moore’s opinion that the†¦show more content†¦Giving tough exams and more reading, and setting high standards to award grades will not allow the teachers to understand the intellectual depth of the students and increase the value of the cl asses. Some people argue that students will perform better if it is difficult to get grades. There were evidence that harder multiple choice exams will not allow the students to improve understanding and thinking ability. The harder exams will yield only short term benefit to the student, but in the long run, tougher grades won’t benefit the students. Teachers who are giving easy grades to the students are worried about the students’ self-esteem and the elevation. Kohn (2002) stated that many higher education teachers are basically researchers, they are not trained enough to teach, it is better to analyze the teachers skill and examine their view of teaching in order to get better performance of the students. This will allow the students to get benefit without facing a hard grading system. Moore (2007) stated that nowadays teachers are offering only A or B grades to the students. According to Moore (2007) in 1966, teachers gave C’s as A’s and by 1978, compared to C’s, A’s were increased. In the 1980’s, most of the schools were giving ‘A’ grades to the students. Many researchers stated that there is no proper evidence for grade inflation. For example Kohn (2002)Show MoreRelatedGrades And Self Esteem By Randy Moore767 Words   |  4 Pagesessay â€Å"Grades and self-Esteem†, the author Randy Moore, argues about self-esteem in students and their grades. He also claims that teachers should be genuine in giving grades to their students rather than focusing on their self-esteem. I agree with the author’s view regarding the grading system and disagree with the Moore, regarding building self-esteem in students. Moore argues that many schools are focusing more on building self-esteem rather than education standards in students. Self-esteem comesRead MoreAnalyzing and Argumentative Essay: Grades and Self-Esteem1093 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyzing an Argumentative Essay: â€Å"Grades and Self- Esteem† What is self- esteem? Self- esteem is confidence in one’s own worth or abilities. In â€Å"Grades Self- Esteem†, author Randy Moore (2007) stated that the level of performance of the students decreased while schools are building the self- esteem in the students. Author Alfie Kohn (1994) stated in his article â€Å"The Truth about Self- Esteem† to contradict Moore’s opinion that academics and self- esteem are not related. Moore discussed some beneficialRead MoreCritical Thinking By The Criticalthinking.org Website1317 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the graduates have poor communication skills and not confident with themselves. This is just like the situation that was mentioned by Randy Moore, a professor of biology in University of Minnesota in the article, Grades and Self-Esteem. He said that nowadays the companies couldn’t find competent workers and even the workers cannot pass the 7th grade exam. He believed that this is because the school itself tends to ‘humanizes’ education such as lowering the standards of passing, allowingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesWestern Carolina University Daniel Sherman, University of Alabama, Huntsville Heather Shields, Texas Tech University Ted Shore, California State University at Long Beach Stuart Sidle, University of New Haven Bret Simmons, University of Nevada Reno Randy Sleeth, Virginia Commonwealth University William Smith, Emporia State University Kenneth Solano, Northeastern University Shane Spiller, Morehead State University Lynda St. Clair, Bryant University John B. Stark, California State University, BakersfieldRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesï ¬ ve years as the Chief Reader for the Advanced Placement Statistics Exam and currently chairs the American Statistical Association’s Joint Committee with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics on Curriculum in Statistics and Probability for Grades K–12. In addition to her texts in introductory statistics, Roxy is also co-editor of Statistical Case Studies: A Collaboration Between Academe and Industry and a member of the editorial board for Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 4th editi on. Outside

Critical Analysis of Case Study on Disability- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCritical Analysis of Case Study on Disability. Answer: Disability is termed as a disadvantageous condition that may pertain to cognitive approach, developmental process, intellectual potency and mental, physical and sensory health. Such conditions considerably affect an individuals life and might be present since birth that is congenital or can be caused during life time due to accidents or other psychosomatic complications. Disability is a broader term that encompasses impairment of various forms. These include participation prohibition, activity restriction and difficulty in carrying out general tasks. Disability is not only associated with one individuals limitation but it also reflects on the relationship between the individual and the society he or she lives in. Disability is a much deliberated issue. It carries different meaning for different communities. The term may point towards physical and mental anomalies that can be addressed by the respective medical care (Shakespeare, 2013). The social model of disability focuses more on the social constraints and how the surroundings society perceives the disability condition and concerned quality of life. The way to define disability was of prime concern in UK and US in 1970s and at that time the medical model used to persist as the sole mode of explanation of such conditions. Debates have prevailed in the community and legal guidelines were set up to acknowledge disability conditions and therefore make necessary provisions within the scope of formal healthcare (Campbell Oliver, 2013). There are special benefit packages as well for the disabled people in the sector of private health care. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) generated by World Health Organization makes a distinction in between the body function and body structure. Disability in the structure or function can be defined as involving a loss or other significant variation from certain points generally known as popul ation standards, which might change from time to time (Fulcher, 2015). Activity can be defined as the implementation of an action or task. This particular essay focuses on the understandable facets of mental retardedness as a potential disability up on choosing it from the memoir, the influence of mental impairment on personal and family life, influence of mental impairment in social life and roles of human service professionals. The human service professionals who work in this field are required to be humanitarian in their perspective and aspect. Mental retardation is an everlasting condition that can be characterized by sub average intelligence. It can cause limitations in adaptive function and the learning process of a person. Persons suffering from mental retardation might be able to stay freely in the society. They can also attain various levels of job which mainly depends upon the severity. The increase in the severity causes the increase in need of training which will help in support to complete the daily tasks. This part describes about the health conditions of people living with different types of mental retardation. Mental retardation happens in all races and societies, despite the fact that there is a bigger pervasiveness in general among the male persons than ladies. Roughly 1-3% of the populace is affected among all. The greater part (around 85%) is named having mild seriousness, around 10% of cases have moderate and approximately 4% of people is having extreme mental retardation. The time of beginning normally re lies upon the cause for the mental retardation. Generally, mental retardation can be caused by any circumstances which disturb the development of brain during birth or in childhood. Mental retardation unless congenital can be caused due to several factors which include Down syndrome, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, lead poisoning, fanconi anemia and phenylketoneuria. There could be some procedural malfunction in case of in vitro fertilization that might lead to mental retardation later on (Sandin et al, 2013). Down syndrome is the most common mental disorder in US and it happens due to delay in development and chromosomal aberration. Hydrocephalus is a brain condition in which water gets accumulated in the brain causing retardation in brain function. Cerebral palsy is a consortium of symptoms that affects muscular movement and associated coordination (Werne Stawski, 2012). Lead is a toxic metal and very poisonous affecting the brain cells in negative manner. Fanconi anemia is responsible for bone marrow failure. The bone marrow is responsible for generation of three types of blood cells. Some mental retardedness can be congenital and is associated with the brain volume during the birth and the parts or lobes of the brain. It may also appear during the developmental stages of a kid and the upbringing in a closely knit social environment (Brereton, Tonge Einfeld, 2006). Specifically, potential causes include, chromosomal deficiency such as Downs syndrome, inherited disorders such as Fragile X syndrome, metabolism defects, injury in brain or infection due to insufficiency in oxygen during birth, premature birth, low weight during birth, malnutrition of the fetus, drug or alcohol misuse during pregnancy, infections from the mother and severe emotional abuse. Unfortunately, in many cases, no particular reason can be identified despite the fact that the probability of recognizing the specific reason which increases the seriousness of mental retardation. Mental illness can be aggravated by the occurrence of physical problems. The case study in the memoir shows the subject had some developing problems in the childhood that might have alienated from other usual community people and general fondness in upbringing. When the subject was about three, she had signs of malnutrition (Rosenberg Abbeduto, 2013). Though not skeletal, she was blue and would bruise at the slightest touch. Her eyelashes would come out in large quantities, and my gums bled. Her parents thought she had leukemia, and took for a blood test. The doctor took some blood from ear-lobe. She was intrigued by a multicolored cardboard wheel the doctor had given me. She also had hearing tests because, although she mimicked everything, it appeared that she was deaf. Intellectual disability is also another aspect of mentally retarded people along with other associated factors. Intellectual disability is also alternatively known as general learning disability and mental retardati on. It is a disorder of neural development can start from the very onset of childhood. It can affect intellectual and adaptive functioning. The general living condition becomes pathetically severe (Patja at al., 2000). As it can be seen in the case study where the subject used to get called alternatively as Polly or Dolly. Dolly has faced discrimination from her mother as a retarded or troubled child. She was neglected in a dysfunctional family where accurate level of affection was not provided to the child. Her grandmothers demeanor was to be perceived by her as friendly and not threat some. All these aspects contribute to the psychosomatic condition of the concerned individual that has imparted considerably to the generation of psychological intricacy from the very beginning. There are some aspects associated with the mental health illness and peer pressure. Peer pressure is the term that can be applied in cases where people of same age and background are in to consideration. The peers in this case with respect to Dolly or Polly are the elder brothers and the cousins. It was eminent that though the subject was comfortable with some of her cousins but she was not equally sociable and lovable by her antiques as compared to them. She was comfortable with her aunt who was fond of brushing her hair. But in this regard also, her personal considerations regarding her aunt poses some questions regarding the psyche of them child as she evaluates the situation in a manner of aberration. The mystic and fancy characters used to attract the case study subject as mentioned within the case study. This gives an insight to the fondness of the subject and clearly suggests that she was unable to cope up with common day pressures. The entire analysis of the case study that will be further elaborated in the later section will further have an insight into the problem constraints of the case study. Mental illness may strike a person or a group of persons in various ways. Mental illness can be dormant as childhood factors in the concerned individual or that can an added disadvantageous toll of chemical abuse. Mental illness simply tells that the brain orientation is no proper that can be perceived natural by the ambience society (Zigler Balla, 2013). The quality of life of the affected family becomes the primary concern (Verdugo et al., 2012). The case study suggests that the family had a point of conflict regarding the future of the subject who was not being able to cope up with the surroundings development. The father wanted her to stay at home while her mother wanted to send her to an institution. This gives an insight into the dilemma of the family members of the patients. The family members become co addict in their so called own right after being associated with the diseased person for long and think in commune with the special need of the subject (Macklin Gaylin, 2013). There should be special counseling in this regard required for the family members as well. There can be two aspects in this regard. One is how mental retardedness affects the ambient social life and how the social influences aggravate the mental health condition. Mental retardation can be perceived in nationalistic perspective as well in which it can be argued that mentally retarded population in turn turns the country weak. Mentally challenged people cannot go to war and their brains processing power will also be less. So they will always b e regarded as someone inferior kind. Mentally challenged people can be best example of brain functional model. During the past 40 to 50 years there have been numerous changes in our society with respect to the management and treatment of people with disabilities. In addition, there has been much advancement in medical care (Mefford, Batshaw Hoffman, 2012). As a result, most of these individuals reside in the community rather than institutions and depend upon community-based private practitioners for oral health care. Some schools of t houghts suggest that brain damage is not the sole cause of mental retardation but rather the environmental and social factors do also play crucial role in this regard. There have been new terms proposed for the mentally retarded people which are focusing more on intellectual disability and logical reasoning capability. The level of anxiety associated is always detrimental (String et al., 2012). This difficulty is more aggravated with social stigma. The actual make up of the brain and mind of a mentally retarded person is extremely susceptible and fragile to external expletives. This complicates the situation. The toll of mentally retarded people on a nation or society is no less than a magnanimous burden. It can affect the natural growth and progression of a civilized society at the same time the respective civilized society also has to be empathetic to its inhabitants focusing on the extractable qualities of such individuals which might affect the society in a broader perspective i n future. The social life of the family as seen in the case study was totally plundered as they were indecisive about Polly or Dolly and could not understand the propensity of the subject relating to her early physical complications and lack of mental growth and conviviality during childhood. The staffs who work in this sector to help mentally impaired patients with or without additional physical difficulty and their families are supposed to be trained specially. A special training usually gets provided to the staffs so that they can understand the special needs of the patients they are dealing with. They are usually taught to be extra cautious and humanitarian in making considerations and decisions as the persons who are disabled are highly susceptible to mental agony and bad behaviors (Bar off Oley, 2014). The staffs are usually given and should be given a light concept of the underlying reason of the mental illness so that they can understand the logical basis of the requirements of the patients. This further education to the staffs working in this field also helps in educating patient parties about the possible steps or outcomes in the situations having such specific needs. This in turn helps to be empathetic to the subject patients and thus neglect the ill conventio n of stigma that is pervasive around this kind of people. Mental retardation is a permanent condition, however the majority of individuals with mental retardation can get complete, individualized projects that are aimed for instructing the abilities that are important to build their level of freedom: reading, composing, and essential math, dealing with individual needs such as dressing, washing; speaking with others, home living such as cooking, cleaning the house; social aptitudes and wellbeing and security. Social projects are likewise imperative for the person with mental impediment to increase confidence. In early adulthood, treatment is additionally guided at learning professional aptitudes to help business; contribution in the workforce enhances versatile abilities and the achievement of group living. Enthusiastic help for the family is additionally a vital piece of treatment. The workers who are professionals also need to come out of their professional area sometimes and be a ttached personally to the patient who seeks tender human sentiments in most of the time (Emerson, 2012). This kind of profession is included in some form of social service as well. The workers must keep in mind that their job profile is a generous or charitable profession not aiming at the monetary rewards and perks solely. Hence, they need to consider it as an alternative form of social service. This can be thus concluded that mentally retarded patients are very much vulnerable to external environments harsh factors. They might develop additional physical abnormalities as well that requires to be treated by medical care. The prime role in making lives of these people better is of family members who are needed to be educated accordingly. The professional workers play a vaster role addressing such problems on bigger platforms like civic society. Humanitarian qualities and an empathetic mind are the main requirements to solve riddles associated with mental health problems. References: Baroff, G. S., Olley, J. G. (2014).Mental retardation: Nature, cause, and management. Routledge. Brereton, A. V., Tonge, B. J., Einfeld, S. L. (2006). Psychopathology in children and adolescents with autism compared to young people with intellectual disability.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,36(7), 863-870. Campbell, J., Oliver, M. (2013).Disability politics: understanding our past, changing our future. Routledge. Emerson, E. (2012).Clinical psychology and people with intellectual disabilities(Vol. 97). John Wiley Sons. Fulcher, G. (2015).Disabling policies?: A comparative approach to education policy and disability. Routledge. Jerison, H. (2012).Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. Elsevier. Macklin, R., Gaylin, W. (2013).Mental retardation and sterilization: A problem of competency and paternalism. Springer Science Business Media. Mefford, H. C., Batshaw, M. L., Hoffman, E. P. (2012). Genomics, intellectual disability, and autism.New England Journal of Medicine,366(8), 733-743. Patja, K., Iivanainen, M., Vesala, H., Oksanen, H., Ruoppila, I. (2000). Life expectancy of people with intellectual disability: a 35?year follow?up study.Journal of intellectual disability research,44(5), 591-599. Rosenberg, S., Abbeduto, L. (2013).Language and communication in mental retardation: Development, processes, and intervention. Psychology Press. Sandin, S., Nygren, K. G., Iliadou, A., Hultman, C. M., Reichenberg, A. (2013). Autism and mental retardation among offspring born after in vitro fertilization.Jama,310(1), 75-84. Shakespeare, T. (2013).Disability rights and wrongs revisited. Routledge. Strang, J. F., Kenworthy, L., Daniolos, P., Case, L., Wills, M. C., Martin, A., Wallace, G. L. (2012). Depression and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,6(1), 406-412. Verdugo, M. A., Navas, P., Gmez, L. E., Schalock, R. L. (2012). The concept of quality of life and its role in enhancing human rights in the field of intellectual disability.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,56(11), 1036-1045. Werner, S., Stawski, M. (2012). Mental health: Knowledge, attitudes and training of professionals on dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and psychiatric disorder.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,56(3), 291-304. Zigler, E., Balla, D. (Eds.). (2013).Mental retardation: The developmental-difference controversy. Routledge.

Political Issues College Essay Sample

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation (also known as the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union) was the first constitutional document of the United States, adopted in 1777. However, all thirteen states ratified those Articles only in 1781. According to the Articles of Confederation, each state had the right to retain its freedom and independence. One representative from each state was chosen to create a committee, the Congress that would be responsible for army, navy, foreign relations, and declarations of war/peace. However, the Congress had no right to gather taxes and control the commerce between the states. Also, the Congress could not adopt laws. Such shortcomings were one of the first reasons for discontents between the members of the Congress. In spite of the fact that the Articles of Confederations defined the Congress as a national legislature, the states governments had more power.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Politica l Issues College specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was a burning need for the government that would be stronger. The weakness of the republic government and its limited powers led to one more Constitutional Convention that took place in 1787, The Congress suggested revising the Articles of Confederation. First, it was suggested to make several amendments to improve the Articles of Confederation. However, the delegates realized that it would not be enough, and they started to create a new constitutional document. Today, it is known as the Constitution of the United States of America. It was signed by 39 representatives (42 were present) on September 17, 1787. On May 29, 1790, the last delegate, Rhode Island, ratified the Constitution. This document strengthened the government by providing a new system, the major purpose of which was to find a kind of balance between the federal government, each state, and people. The Theories of N ullification and Secession The theory of nullification is a legal theory according to which any U. S. State has the right to invalidate any federal law. This theory allows the U. S. State, as a sovereign Union, to nullify any law, if the state finds some law unconstitutional. According to this theory, States are the last and the most important branch that may interpret the actions of the government. Another theory that underlines the sovereignty of each U. S. State is the theory of secession. According to this very theory, the state has the right to terminate its membership within the Union. In 1799, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions asserted the correctness of the nullification theory according to the Constitution of the United States of America. The actions of john C. Calhoun reinforced the ideas of these two theories. However, not every political figure was for the theories of nullification and secession. For example, President Jackson argued against the right of nullificati on and secession and asked the U. S. Senate to provide him with the right to use arm forces in order to execute federal laws. It was the period when a force bill was introduced. However, that step caused numerous misunderstandings from several states. The election of Abraham Lincoln played a very important role for the development of the theory of nullification and the theory of secession. During Lincoln’s first inaugural, he proclaimed against the right of nullification and referred to Jackson’s Proclamation Regarding Nullification. In 1861, the attempt to achieve the secession by means of force of arms was failed. The consequence of that attempt is also known as the American Civil War. In 2008, one American politician, John Zogby, was not afraid to mention that more than 70% of Americans knew that even if each U. S. State had the right to nullify federal laws, it was not able to become an independent state and go against the Congress. This essay on Political Issues College was written and submitted by user Colin Taylor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Computers In Math Essays - Computer Arithmetic, Binary Arithmetic

Computers in Math Ever since the first computer was developed in the early 1900's the computer has been using math to solve most of it's problems. The Arithmetic and Logical unit helps the computer solve some of these problems. All type of math can be solved on computer's which it uses. Binary Arithmetic A computer understands two states: on and off, high and low, and so on. Complex instructions can be written as a combination of these two states. To represent these two conditions mathematically, we can use the digits 1 and 0. Some simple mathematical operations, such as addition and subtraction, as well as the two's complement subtraction procedure used by most computer's. Evaluating an Algebraic Function It is frequently necessary to evaluate an expression, such as the one below, for several values of x. y= 6x4+4x3-5x2+6x+4 First to start with developing the power's of x to perform the necessary multiplications by the coefficients, and finally produce the sum. The following steps are the way the computer "thinks" when it is calculating the equation. 1.Select x 2.Multiply x by x and store x2 3.Multiply x2 by x and store x3 4.Multiply x3 by x and store x4 5.Multiply x by 6 and store 6x 6.Multiply stored x2 by 5 and store 5x2 7.Multiply stored x3 by 4 and store 4x3 8.Multiply stored x4 by 6 and store 6x4 9.Add 6x4 10.Add 4x3 11.Subtract 5x3 12.Add 6x 13.Add 4 Binary Coded Decimal One of the most convenient conversions of decimal to binary coded decimal's is used today in present day computer's. BCD(Binary Coded Decimal) is a combination of binary and decimal; that is each separate decimal digit is represented in binary form. For example the chart below represents the Binary and Decimal conversions. Decimal Binary 0 0 1 1 2 10 3 11 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 9 1001 10 1010 BCD uses one of the above binary representations for each decimal digit of a given numeral. Each decimal digit is handled separately. For example, the decimal 28 in binary is as follows: (28)10 = (11100)2 The arrangement in BCD is as follows: 2 8 0010 1000 Each decimal digit is represented by a four-place binary number. Direct Binary Addition In binary arithmetic if one adds 1 and 1 the answer is 10. The answer is not the decimal 10. It is one zero. There are only two binary digits in the binary system. Therefore when one adds 1 and 1, one gets the 0 and a carry of 1 to give 10. Similarly, in the decimal system, 5 + 5 is equal to zero and a carry of 1. Here is an example of binary addition: column 4 3 2 1 0 1 1 1 + 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 I n column 1, 1+1=0 and a carry of 1. Column 2 now contains 1+1+1. This addition, 1+1=0 carry 1 and 0+1=1, is entered in the sum. Column 3 now also contains 1+1+1, which gives a carry of 1 to column 4. The answer to the next problem is found similarly. 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 + 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Direct Binary Subtraction Although binary numbers may be subtracted directly from each other, it is easier from a computer design standpoint to use another method of subtraction called two's complement subtraction. This will be illustrated next. However direct binary subtraction will be discussed. Direct Binary Subtraction is similar to decimal subtraction, except that when a borrow occurs, it complements the value of the number. Also that the value of the number of one depends on the column it is situated. The values increase according to the power series of 2: that is 20, 21,23, and so on, in columns 1, 2, 3 and so on. Hence, if you borrow from column 3 you are borrowing a decimal 4. ex column 3 2 1 1 1 0 - 1 0 1 0 0 1 In the example a borrow had to be made from column 2, which changed its value to 0 while putting decimal 2 (or binary 11) in column 1. Therefore, after the borrow the subtraction in column 1 involved 2-1=1; in column 2 we had 0-0=0; and in column 3 we had 1-1=0. If the next column contains

Signs of the Times essays

Signs of the Times essays Electronic Commerce is defined by Websters Dictionary as using computer networks to conduct business, including buying and selling online, electronic funds transfer, business communications, and using computers to access business information resources. The Electronic Commerce Association describes electronic commerce as doing business electronically. More precisely we could describe electronic commerce as involving the exchange of information using a combination of structured messages (EDI), unstructured messages (e-mail and documents), data access and direct support for business processes across the value chain. The Internet is only a small fraction of e-commerce applications. Intranets, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems all contribute to business to business marketing, operations and financial services (Wareham, 2000). The Internet was designed to be used by government and academic users, but now it is rapidly becoming commercialized. It has on-line "shops", even electronic "shopping malls". Customers, browsing at their computers, can view products, read descriptions, and sometimes even try samples. They could pay by credit card, transmitting the necessary data by modem; but intercepting messages on the Internet is trivially easy for a smart hacker, so sending a credit-card number in an unscrambled message is inviting trouble. It would be relatively safe to send a credit card number encrypted with a hard-to-break code. That would require either a general adoption across the Internet of standard encoding protocols, or the making of prior arrangements between buyers and sellers. Both consumers and merchants could see a windfall if these problems are solved. For merchants, a secure and easily divisible supply of electronic money will motivate more Internet surfers to become on-line shoppers. Electronic money will also make it easier for smaller businesses to achieve a lev...

Nursing Practice Guidelines and Theory Research Paper

Nursing Practice Guidelines and Theory - Research Paper Example Grand nursing theories possess the vast scope and propose broader concepts and suggestions. Such type of theories reveal and provide insights valuable for hospitals but are not intended for experimental testing. (Navahandi, 2006, 180) This minimises the chances of application of grand nursing theories for designing, demonstrating, and foreseeing nursing in some situations. Such type of theories are utilized for almost all levels of nursing. Middle-range nursing theories are not vast unlike grand nursing theories in scope and propose a valuable connection between nursing practice and grand nursing theories. Such theories present concepts and propositions at an inferior level of generalization and possess great scope for high trend of theory-based investigation and nursing practice strategies. (Warhurst, Grugulis and Keep, 2007) Nursing practice theories possess the narrowest scope and level of generalization and are designed to be utilized for only limited variety of nursing situations. Nursing practice theories offer frameworks for nursing intrusions, and foresee results and the effects of nursing practice. (Stelzer, 2008, 25) In the last 15 years, nursing in the United Kingdom have increased its reliance on skilled work groups or teams. Although the initial motivation for adoption of work groups and teams may be linked to well-publicised examples in other parts of the world, reports of many successful implementations in the United Kingdom have further spurred their adoption (Navahandi & Aranda, 2006, 160). The continuing importance in the practice environment was advanced by Jerry Junkins, CEO of Texas Instruments: "No matter what your business, these teams are the wave of the future" (Dumaine, 2008, p. 220).